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صبااح الخير
مقدمة لأهم استراتيجيات و أساليب الترجمة
Translation procedures, strategies and methods
:Technical procedure *
analysis of the source and target languages
a through study of the source language text before making attempts translate it;
. Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations
: Organizational procedures *
constant reevaluation of the attempt made; contrasting it with the existing available translations of the same text done by other translators, and checking the text's communicative effectiveness by asking the target language readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness and studying their reactions
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: methods of translation
Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is
preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context
Literal translation: in which the SL grammatical ************s are converted to the
nearest TL *****alents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context
Faithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures
Semantic translation: which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text
Adaptation: which is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten
Free translation: it produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original
Idiomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original
Communicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
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Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs
: forth some procedures of translating CSCs
_ Making up a new word
Explaining the meaning of the SL expression in lieu of translating it _
Preserving the SL term intact _
Opting for a word in the TL which seems similar to or has the same "relevance" as the SL term
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the following four major techniques for translating CBTs
Defining culture-bound terms (CBTs) as the terms which "refer to concepts, institutions and personnel which are specific to the SL culture < he puts forward the following four major techniques for translating CBTs
Functional *****alence : It means using a referent in the TL culture whose function is similar to that of the source language (SL) referent. As Harvey (2000:2) writes, authors are divided over the merits of this technique: Weston (1991:23) describes it as "the ideal method of translation," while Sarcevic (1985:131) asserts that it is "misleading and should be avoided."
Formal *****alence or 'linguistic *****alence': It means a 'word-for-word' translation
Transcription or 'borrowing' (i.e. reproducing or, where necessary, transliterating the original term): It stands at the far end of SL-oriented strategies. If the term is for****y transparent or is explained in the context, it may be used alone. In other cases, particularly where no knowledge of the SL by the reader is presumed, transcription is accompanied by an explanation or a translator's note
Descriptive or self-explanatory translation: It uses generic terms (not CBTs) to convey the meaning. It is appropriate in a wide variety of contexts where formal *****alence is considered insufficiently clear. In a text aimed at a specialized reader, it can be helpful to add the original SL term to avoid ambiguity
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the different translation procedures proposes
Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes
transliteration and is the same as "transcription
Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL
Cultural *****alent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate
Functional *****alent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word
Descriptive *****alent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words
Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one *****alent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components
Synonymy: it is a "near TL *****alent." Here economy trumps accuracy
Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation
Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth
Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective
Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "nor****y uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term
Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part
Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive *****alent.Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures
ملاحظة ,,
الكلمات التي وضع لها اشارة ( *****)
الأولى E q u i v a l e n c e
و الثانية e q u i v a l e n t
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هذا اللي قدرت اجمعه اليوم ,,
كان بودي اضع الرابط للموضوع في الأعلى
لمن أراد الاستزادة .. لكن بحكم ان الموقع أجنبي كان يوجد به
بعض الاعلانات الغير لائقة ,, لذلك عذرآ ,,
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و بإذن الله باقي الأسبوع لازم نتعاون شوي و نساعد بعض
و إذا قدرت بإذن الله نحضر نصوص نترجمها لكن يكون التركيز
على الأخطاء التي ممكن أن يقع فيها المترجم ..
اختصارات مهمة ,,
ST و تعني SOURCE LANGUAGE
TL و تعني TARGET LANGUAGE
,,,
و أسأل الله لي و لكم التوفيق