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Tools of Persuasion
Persuasion is the art of convincing someone to agree with your
point of view. According to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, there
are three basic tools of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos.
Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that she is a
credible source. An audience will consider a speaker credible if she seems
trustworthy, reliable, and sincere. This can be done in many ways. For
example, a speaker can develop ethos by explaining how much experience
or education she has in the field. After all, you would be more likely to listen
to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a
firefighter. A speaker can also create ethos by convincing the audience that she is a good person who
has their best interests at *****. If an audience cannot trust you, you will not be able to persuade them.
Pathos is a speaker’s way of connecting with an audience’s emotions. For example, a speaker
who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a
terrible war. These words are intended to fill the audience with fear, thus making them want to vote for
him. Similarly, a charity organization that helps animals might show an audience pictures of injured dogs
and cats. These images are intended to fill the viewers with pity. If the audience feels bad for the animals,
they will be more likely to donate money.
Logos is the use of facts, information, statistics, or other evidence to make your argument more
convincing. An audience will be more likely to believe you if you have data to back up your claims. For
example, a commercial for soap might tell you that laboratory tests have shown that their soap kills all
7,000,000 of the bacteria living on your hands right now. This piece of information might make you more
likely to buy their brand of soap. Presenting this evidence is much more convincing than simply saying
“our soap is the best!” Use of logos can also increase a speaker’s ethos; the more facts a speaker
includes in his argument, the more likely you are to think that he is educated and trustworthy.
Although ethos, pathos, and logos all have their strengths, they are often most effective when
they are used together. ******, most speakers use a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos to
persuade their audiences. The next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial, or listen to a friend
try to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of
persuasion.

1) As used in paragraph 2, what is the best antonym for credible?
A. unintelligent
B. boring
C. dishonest
D. amazing

2) Amy is trying to convince her mother to buy her a pair of $200 shoes. She says: “Mom, the shoes I
have are really old and ugly. If I don’t get these new shoes, everyone at school is going to laugh at
me. I will be so embarrassed that I will want to die.” What form of persuasion is Amy using here?
A. pathos
B. ethos
C. logos
D. a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos

READTHEORY Questions
© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved. 3
3) According to the passage, logos can build ethos because
A. an audience is more easily convinced by facts and information than simple appeals to emotions
like pity or fear
B. an audience is more likely to trust a speaker who uses evidence to support his argument
C. a speaker who overuses pathos might make an audience too emotional; audiences who are too
frightened or too sad are unlikely to be persuaded
D. a speaker can use misleading or false information to make his argument seem more convincing
4) Gareth is running for mayor. He tells his audience: “Under our current mayor, there have been 15,000
new cases of unemployment. If he stays in office, who knows how many more people will lose their
jobs? The number could go up even higher. When I was the CEO of Magnatech, I helped to create
over 1,000 new jobs. I can do the same thing for this city if you vote for me.” Which form of

persuasion is Gareth using here?
I. pathos
II. logos
III. ethos

A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II, and III

5) According to the passage, the most effective tool of persuasion is
A. ethos, because you cannot persuade an audience that does not trust you
B. logos, because it can also be used to build ethos
C. a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos
D. pathos, because human beings are most easily persuaded by emotion

[ الاجابات
1-c
2-a
3-b
4-d
5-c


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